25 results
Eating Disorders In weight-related Therapy (EDIT) Collaboration: rationale and study design
- Natalie B. Lister, Louise A. Baur, Susan J. Paxton, Sarah P. Garnett, Amy L. Ahern, Denise E. Wilfley, Sarah Maguire, Amanda Sainsbury, Katharine Steinbeck, Caroline Braet, Andrew J. Hill, Dasha Nicholls, Rebecca A. Jones, Genevieve Dammery, Alicia Grunseit, Kelly Cooper, Theodore K. Kyle, Faith A. Heeren, Kylie E. Hunter, Caitlin M. McMaster, Brittany J. Johnson, Anna Lene Seidler, Hiba Jebeile
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- Journal:
- Nutrition Research Reviews / Volume 37 / Issue 1 / June 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 February 2023, pp. 32-42
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The cornerstone of obesity treatment is behavioural weight management, resulting in significant improvements in cardio-metabolic and psychosocial health. However, there is ongoing concern that dietary interventions used for weight management may precipitate the development of eating disorders. Systematic reviews demonstrate that, while for most participants medically supervised obesity treatment improves risk scores related to eating disorders, a subset of people who undergo obesity treatment may have poor outcomes for eating disorders. This review summarises the background and rationale for the formation of the Eating Disorders In weight-related Therapy (EDIT) Collaboration. The EDIT Collaboration will explore the complex risk factor interactions that precede changes to eating disorder risk following weight management. In this review, we also outline the programme of work and design of studies for the EDIT Collaboration, including expected knowledge gains. The EDIT studies explore risk factors and the interactions between them using individual-level data from international weight management trials. Combining all available data on eating disorder risk from weight management trials will allow sufficient sample size to interrogate our hypothesis: that individuals undertaking weight management interventions will vary in their eating disorder risk profile, on the basis of personal characteristics and intervention strategies available to them. The collaboration includes the integration of health consumers in project development and translation. An important knowledge gain from this project is a comprehensive understanding of the impact of weight management interventions on eating disorder risk.
Chapter 28 - Urinary Incontinence
- from Section III - Care of the Elderly by Organ System
- Edited by Jan Busby-Whitehead, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Samuel C. Durso, The Johns Hopkins University, Maryland, Christine Arenson, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Rebecca Elon, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Mary H. Palmer, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, William Reichel
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- Book:
- Reichel's Care of the Elderly
- Published online:
- 30 June 2022
- Print publication:
- 21 July 2022, pp 350-363
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Summary
Urinary incontinence (UI), the involuntary loss of urine, has a significant psychological, social, and economic impact on quality of life. While not an inevitable part of aging, UI is much more prevalent in older adults and particularly so in those who require assistance with activities of daily living. Patients may be reluctant to discuss UI given the associated stigma and should be asked about it during medical visits. Evaluation begins with a detailed history of the nature, severity, and burden of UI. Maintaining continence requires a complex interaction of cholinergic, adrenergic, and somatic control. A careful, directed physical exam that focuses on the abdomen, urogenital area, perineal skin, mobility, strength, reflexes, and sensation should be performed. An initial evaluation should include a urinalysis and, if renal function or polyuria is expected, blood tests for creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, and calcium. Major types of UI include urgency, stress, mixed (stress and urgency combined), and overflow UI. Absorbent products can be a useful adjunct to formal health care for helping manage leakage. Treatment modalities for UI include behavioral strategies, medication treatment, and minimally invasive procedures and surgical approaches. Older adults can have symptomatic improvements, or even cure, for this important clinical problem.
Which nursing home workers were at highest risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection during the November 2020–February 2021 winter surge of COVID-1?
- Joseph Kellogg, William Dube, Carly Adams, Matthew Collins, Theodore Lopman, Theodore Johnson, Avnika Amin, Joshua Weitz, Scott Fridkin
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- Journal:
- Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology / Volume 2 / Issue S1 / July 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 May 2022, p. s7
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Background: Nursing home (NH) residents and staff were at high risk for COVID-19 early in the pandemic; several studies estimated seroprevalence of infection in NH staff to be 3-fold higher among CNAs and nurses compared to other staff. Risk mitigation added in Fall 2020 included systematic testing of residents and staff (and furlough if positive) to reduce transmission risk. We estimated risks for SARS-CoV-2 infection among NH staff during the first winter surge before widespread vaccination. Methods: Between February and May 2021, voluntary serologic testing was performed on NH staff who were seronegative for SARS-CoV-2 in late Fall 2020 (during a previous serology study at 14 Georgia NHs). An exposure assessment at the second time point covered prior 3 months of job activities, community exposures, and self-reported COVID-19 vaccination, including very recent vaccination (≤4 weeks). Risk factors for seroconversion were estimated by job type using multivariable logistic regression, accounting for interval community-incidence and interval change in resident infections per bed. Results: Among 203 eligible staff, 72 (35.5%) had evidence of interval seroconversion (Fig. 1). Among 80 unvaccinated staff, interval infection was significantly higher among CNAs and nurses (aOR, 4.9; 95% CI, 1.4–20.7) than other staff, after adjusting for race and interval community incidence and facility infections. This risk persisted but was attenuated when utilizing the full study cohort including those with very recent vaccination (aOR, 1.8; 95% CI, 0.9–3.7). Conclusions: Midway through the first year of the pandemic, NH staff with close or common resident contact continued to be at increased risk for infection despite enhanced infection prevention efforts. Mitigation strategies, prior to vaccination, did not eliminate occupational risk for infection. Vaccine utilization is critical to eliminate occupational risk among frontline healthcare providers.
Funding: None
Disclosures: None
Risk factors for severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seropositivity among nursing home staff
- Avnika B. Amin, Joseph T. Kellogg, Carly Adams, William C. Dube, Matthew H. Collins, Benjamin A. Lopman, Theodore M. Johnson II, Joshua Weitz, Scott K. Fridkin
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- Journal:
- Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology / Volume 1 / Issue 1 / 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 October 2021, e35
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Objectives:
To estimate prior severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among skilled nursing facility (SNF) staff in the state of Georgia and to identify risk factors for seropositivity as of fall 2020.
Design:Baseline survey and seroprevalence of the ongoing longitudinal Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Prevention in Nursing Homes study.
Setting:The study included 14 SNFs in the state of Georgia.
Participants:In total, 792 SNF staff employed or contracted with participating SNFs were included in this study. The analysis included 749 participants with SARS-CoV-2 serostatus results who provided age, sex, and complete survey information.
Methods:We estimated unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for potential risk factors and SARS-CoV-2 serostatus. We estimated adjusted ORs using a logistic regression model including age, sex, community case rate, SNF resident infection rate, working at other facilities, and job role.
Results:Staff working in high-infection SNFs were twice as likely (unadjusted OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.45–3.00) to be seropositive as those in low-infection SNFs. Certified nursing assistants and nurses were 3 times more likely to be seropositive than administrative, pharmacy, or nonresident care staff: unadjusted OR, 2.93 (95% CI, 1.58–5.78) and unadjusted OR, 3.08 (95% CI, 1.66–6.07). Logistic regression yielded similar adjusted ORs.
Conclusions:Working at high-infection SNFs was a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity. Even after accounting for resident infections, certified nursing assistants and nurses had a 3-fold higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity than nonclinical staff. This knowledge can guide prioritized implementation of safer ways for caregivers to provide necessary care to SNF residents.
Cultivation and Reduced-Rate Herbicides Weed Control in Sugarbeet Grown for Biofuel
- W. Carroll Johnson III, Theodore M. Webster, Timothy L. Grey, Xuelin Luo
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 32 / Issue 6 / December 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 November 2018, pp. 726-732
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Sugarbeet, grown for biofuel, is being considered as an alternate cool-season crop in the southeastern United States. Previous research identified ethofumesate PRE and phenmedipham + desmedipham POST as herbicides that controlled troublesome cool-season weeds in the region, specifically cutleaf evening-primrose. Research trials were conducted from 2014 through 2016 to evaluate an integrated system of sweep cultivation and reduced rates of ethofumesate PRE and/or phenmedipham+desmedipham POST for weed control in sugarbeet grown for biofuel. There were no interactions between the main effects of cultivation and herbicides for control of cutleaf evening-primrose and other cool-season species in two out of three years. Cultivation improved control of cool-season weeds, but the effect was largely independent of control provided by herbicides. Of the herbicide combinations evaluated, the best overall cool-season weed control was from systems that included either a 1/2X or 1X rate of phenmedipham+desmedipham POST. Either rate of ethofumesate PRE was less effective than phenmedipham+desmedipham POST. Despite improved cool-season weed control, sugarbeet yield was not affected by cultivation each year of the study. Sugarbeet yields were greater when treated with any herbicide combination that included either a 1/2X or 1X rate of phenmedipham+desmedipham POST compared with either rate of ethofumesate PRE alone or the nontreated control. These results indicate that cultivation has a very limited role in sugarbeet grown for biofuel. The premise of effective weed control based on an integration of cultivation and reduced herbicide rates does not appear to be viable for sugarbeet grown for biofuel.
A handling qualities analysis tool for rotorcraft conceptual designs
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- B. Lawrence, C. R. Theodore, W. Johnson, T. Berger
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- Journal:
- The Aeronautical Journal / Volume 122 / Issue 1252 / June 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 31 May 2018, pp. 960-987
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Over the past decade, NASA, under a succession of rotary-wing programs, has been moving towards coupling multiple discipline analyses to evaluate rotorcraft conceptual designs. Handling qualities is one of the component analyses to be included in such a future Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization framework for conceptual design of Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) aircraft. Similarly, the future vision for the capability of the Concept Design and Assessment Technology Area of the U.S Army Aviation Development Directorate also includes a handling qualities component. SIMPLI-FLYD is a tool jointly developed by NASA and the U.S. Army to perform modelling and analysis for the assessment of the handling qualities of rotorcraft conceptual designs. Illustrative scenarios of a tiltrotor in forward flight and a single-main rotor helicopter at hover are analysed using a combined process of SIMPLI-FLYD integrated with the conceptual design sizing tool NDARC. The effects of variations of input parameters such as horizontal tail and tail rotor geometry were evaluated in the form of margins to fixed- and rotary-wing handling qualities metrics and the computed vehicle empty weight. The handling qualities Design Margins are shown to vary across the flight envelope due to both changing flight dynamics and control characteristics and changing handling qualities specification requirements. The current SIMPLI-FLYD capability, lessons learned from its use and future developments are discussed.
Managing Cool-Season Weeds in Sugarbeet Grown for Biofuel in the Southeastern United States
- W. Carroll Johnson III, Theodore M. Webster, Timothy L. Grey, Xuelin Luo
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 32 / Issue 4 / August 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 May 2018, pp. 385-391
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Sugarbeet, grown for biofuel, is being considered as an alternate cool-season crop in the southeastern U.S. coastal plain. Typically, the crop would be seeded in the autumn, then grow through the winter and be harvested the following spring. Labels for herbicides registered for use on sugarbeet grown in the traditional sugarbeet production regions do not list any of the cool-season weeds common in the southeastern United States. Field trials were initiated near Ty Ty, GA, to evaluate all possible combinations of ethofumesate applied PRE, phenmedipham+desmedipham applied POST, clopyralid POST, and triflusulfuron POST for cool-season weed control in sugarbeet. Phenmedipham+desmedipham alone and in combination with clopyralid and/or triflusulfuron effectively controlled cutleaf eveningprimrose, lesser swinecress, henbit, and corn spurry when applied to seedling weeds. Ethofumesate PRE alone was not as effective in controlling cool-season weeds compared to treatments containing phenmedipham+desmedipham POST. However, ethofumesate PRE applied sequentially with phenmedipham+desmedipham POST improved weed control consistency. Clopyralid and/or triflusulfuron alone did not adequately control cutleaf eveningprimrose. Triflusulfuron alone effectively controlled wild radish. In the 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 seasons, December-applied POST herbicides did not injure sugarbeet. However, in the 2015–2016 season POST herbicides were applied in late October. On the day of treatment, the maximum temperature was 25.4 C, which exceeded the established upper temperature limit of 22 C for safe application of phenmedipham+desmedipham, and sugarbeet plants were severely injured. In the southeastern United States, temperatures frequently exceed 22 C in early autumn, which may limit phenmedipham+desmedipham use for controlling troublesome cool-season weeds of sugarbeet in the region. Weed control options need to be expanded to compensate for this limitation.
A Modified Power Tiller for Metham Application on Cucurbit Crops Transplanted to Polyethylene-Covered Seedbeds
- W. Carroll Johnson III, Theodore M. Webster
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 15 / Issue 2 / June 2001
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 387-395
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Metham has been reported as an acceptable weed control alternative to methyl bromide. However, modified application equipment is required to allow its effective use in crops that are grown on polyethylene-covered seedbeds. A power tiller was modified using commonly available materials to apply metham in a 61-cm band and shape seedbeds for laying a black polyethylene tarp. Additional modification allowed the implement to be used in strip tillage and conventional tillage systems. Metham applied using this modified power tiller effectively controlled many species of weeds, including yellow nutsedge, in transplanted watermelon.
Response of Squash and Cucumber Cultivars to Halosulfuron
- Theodore M. Webster, A. Stanley Culpepper, W. Carroll Johnson III
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 17 / Issue 1 / March 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 173-176
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Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate halosulfuron tolerance of several squash and cucumber cultivars commonly grown in Georgia. There was an inverse linear relationship between squash plant biomass and rate of halosulfuron (r2 = 0.70 to 0.92). With the exception of ‘Supersett’, the slopes from regression of all squash cultivars were equivalent. The estimated amount of halosulfuron required to reduce growth by 20%, based on regression, ranged from 8.2 to 45 g ai/ha (for Supersett and ‘Dixie’, respectively). Squash plant height was also reduced by halosulfuron, though plants began to recover from the injury by the end of the study. There was no effect of halosulfuron rate on cucumber plant biomass or height. Cucumber cultivars appeared to be more tolerant to halosulfuron than did squash cultivars.
Herbicide Resistance: Toward an Understanding of Resistance Development and the Impact of Herbicide-Resistant Crops
- William K. Vencill, Robert L. Nichols, Theodore M. Webster, John K. Soteres, Carol Mallory-Smith, Nilda R. Burgos, William G. Johnson, Marilyn R. McClelland
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 60 / Issue SP1 / 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 2-30
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Development of herbicide-resistant crops has resulted in significant changes to agronomic practices, one of which is the adoption of effective, simple, low-risk, crop-production systems with less dependency on tillage and lower energy requirements. Overall, the changes have had a positive environmental effect by reducing soil erosion, the fuel use for tillage, and the number of herbicides with groundwater advisories as well as a slight reduction in the overall environmental impact quotient of herbicide use. However, herbicides exert a high selection pressure on weed populations, and density and diversity of weed communities change over time in response to herbicides and other control practices imposed on them. Repeated and intensive use of herbicides with the same mechanisms of action (MOA; the mechanism in the plant that the herbicide detrimentally affects so that the plant succumbs to the herbicide; e.g., inhibition of an enzyme that is vital to plant growth or the inability of a plant to metabolize the herbicide before it has done damage) can rapidly select for shifts to tolerant, difficult-to-control weeds and the evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds, especially in the absence of the concurrent use of herbicides with different mechanisms of action or the use of mechanical or cultural practices or both.
Chapter 27 - Urinary incontinence and fecal incontinence
- from Section III - Care of the elderly by organ system
- Edited by Jan Busby-Whitehead, Christine Arenson, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Samuel C. Durso, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Daniel Swagerty, University of Kansas, Laura Mosqueda, University of Southern California, Maria Fiatarone Singh, University of Sydney, William Reichel, Georgetown University, Washington DC
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- Reichel's Care of the Elderly
- Published online:
- 05 June 2016
- Print publication:
- 23 June 2016, pp 383-397
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Summary
Urinary and fecal incontinence are common problems among older adults, with many not discussing symptoms with providers. Incontinence has a significant negative impact on quality of life and can contribute to caregiver strain. The evaluation of urinary and fecal incontinence should focus on potentially reversible or treatable contributing factors. Treatment often depends on the type of incontinence, and initial treatment should begin with behavioral approaches. Common behavioral treatments include dietary management, timed voiding, pelvic floor muscle exercises, and strategies to control urgency symptoms. Biofeedback should be considered for the treatment of fecal incontinence, along with other behavioral treatments. Pharmacologic treatments differ for urinary and fecal incontinence. Anti-muscarinic and beta-agonist drugs are available for the treatment of urinary incontinence. Pharmacologic treatments for fecal incontinence focus on improving stool consistency. Non-invasive office-based procedures have an important role for treating both types of incontinence.
Comparison of NHSN-Defined Central Venous Catheter Day Counts with a Method that Accounts for Concurrent Catheters
- Thomas R. Talbot, James G. Johnson, Theodore Anders, Rachel M. Hayes
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 36 / Issue 1 / January 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 January 2015, pp. 107-109
- Print publication:
- January 2015
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Central venous catheter (CVC) day definitions do not consider concurrent CVCs. We examined traditional CVC day counts and resultant central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) rates with a CVC day definition that included concurrent CVCs. Accounting for concurrent CVCs increased device day counts by 8.5% but only mildly impacted CLABSI rates.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;36(1): 107–109
Influence of rootstock, temperature and incubation duration on bacterial canker severity caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae in peach
- Tiesen Cao, Theodore M. Dejong, Kenneth A. Shackel, Bruce C. Kirkpatrick, R. Scott Johnson
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Introduction. Bacterial canker, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, is a damaging disease of stone fruit worldwide. The effects of rootstock, temperature and incubation duration on bacterial canker in peach were assessed using both field and laboratory inoculation assays. Materials and methods. Both field and laboratory experiments were conducted to study the effects of rootstock, temperature and incubation duration on disease severity in peach. All inoculations were achieved with P. syringae pv. syringae strain B3A. Bacterial inoculations were applied to 1-year-old shoots of peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]. After inoculation, the inoculated shoots were allowed to incubate either under field conditions or in a cold room at different temperatures [constantly at 0 °C, constantly at 14.4 °C, and in a fluctuating temperature regime of 12 h at 0 °C (night) and 12 h at 14.4 °C (day)] for excised shoots. The lesions were determined 1 to 6 weeks after inoculation to determine the effect of incubation duration. Results and discussion. The field experiment using peach grafted on three rootstocks (Nemaguard, K119-50 and P30-135) showed that shoots on Nemaguard developed the longest lesions and shoots on K119-50 the shortest among all three rootstocks. Shoots on Nemaguard had significantly lower bark calcium and higher nitrogen concentrations than those on K119-50 and P30-135. A negative correlation was found between lesion length and bark calcium concentration and the [calcium / nitrogen] ratio. Laboratory experiments with excised shoots on Nemaguard, K119-50, P30-135, Lovell and Guardian rootstocks growing in a second orchard showed inconsistent results. Shoots from Nemaguard developed significantly smaller lesions than those on K119-50 and P30-135. Shoots on Guardian and Lovell also developed significantly smaller lesions than those of shoots on K119-50 and P30-135. Temperature fluctuation during incubation (0 °C to 14.4 °C) had no effect on shoot lesion length compared with those incubated constantly at 14.4 °C, but produced significantly longer lesions than shoots incubated constantly at 0 °C. These inconsistent results suggest that, in the absence of major predisposing factors (i.e., ring nematodes or low soil pH), rootstocks may play a minor role in peach susceptibility to bacterial canker even under favorable disease development conditions.
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Nasal Carriage in Residents of Veterans Affairs Long-Term Care Facilities: Role of Antimicrobial Exposure and MRSA Acquisition
- Nimalie D. Stone, Donna R. Lewis, Theodore M. Johnson II, Thomas Hartney, Doris Chandler, Johnita Byrd-Sellers, John E. McGowan, Jr, Fred C. Tenover, John A. Jernigan, Robert P. Gaynes
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 33 / Issue 6 / June 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2015, pp. 551-557
- Print publication:
- June 2012
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Objective.
To identify risk factors associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) acquisition in long-term care facility (LTCF) residents.
Design.Multicenter, prospective cohort followed over 6 months.
Setting.Three Veterans Affairs (VA) LTCFs.
Participants.All current and new residents except those with short stay (<2 weeks).
Methods.MRSA carriage was assessed by serial nares cultures and classified into 3 groups: persistent (all cultures positive), intermittent (at least 1 but not all cultures positive), and noncarrier (no cultures positive). MRSA acquisition was defined by an initial negative culture followed by more than 2 positive cultures with no subsequent negative cultures. Epidemiologic data were collected to identify risk factors, and MRSA isolates were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).
Results.Among 412 residents at 3 LTCFs, overall MRSA prevalence was 58%, with similar distributions of carriage at all 3 facilities: 20% persistent, 39% intermittent, 41% noncarriers. Of 254 residents with an initial negative swab, 25 (10%) acquired MRSA over the 6 months; rates were similar at all 3 LTCFs, with no clusters evident. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that receipt of systemic antimicrobials during the study was the only significant risk factor for MRSA acquisition (odds ratio, 7.8 [95% confidence interval, 2.1–28.6]; P = .002). MRSA strains from acquisitions were related by PFGE to those from a roommate in 9/25 (36%) cases; 6 of these 9 roommate sources were persistent carriers.
Conclusions.MRSA colonization prevalence was high at 3 separate VA LTCFs. MRSA acquisition was strongly associated with antimicrobial exposure. Roommate sources were often persistent carriers, but transmission from roommates accounted for only approximately one-third of MRSA acquisitions.
Blood Culture Collection through Peripheral Intravenous Catheters Increases the Risk of Specimen Contamination among Adult Emergency Department Patients
- Wesley H. Self, Theodore Speroff, Candace D. McNaughton, Patty W. Wright, Geraldine Miller, James G. Johnson, Titus L. Daniels, Thomas R. Talbot
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 33 / Issue 5 / May 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2015, pp. 524-526
- Print publication:
- May 2012
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Five hundred five blood cultures collected through a peripheral intravenous catheter (PIV) in an emergency department were matched to cultures obtained by dedicated venipuncture from the same patient within 10 minutes. The relative risk of contamination for cultures collected through PIVs compared with dedicated venipuncture was 1.83 (95% confidence interval, 1.08–3.11).
From spatial frequency contrast to edge preponderance: the differential modulation of early visual evoked potentials by natural scene stimuli
- BRUCE C. HANSEN, THEODORE JACQUES, AARON P. JOHNSON, DAVE ELLEMBERG
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- Journal:
- Visual Neuroscience / Volume 28 / Issue 3 / May 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2011, pp. 221-237
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The contrast response function of early visual evoked potentials elicited by sinusoidal gratings is known to exhibit characteristic potentials closely associated with the processes of parvocellular and magnocellular pathways. Specifically, the N1 component has been linked with parvocellular processes, while the P1 component has been linked with magnocellular processes. However, little is known regarding the response properties of the N1 and P1 components during the processing and encoding of complex (i.e., broadband) stimuli such as natural scenes. Here, we examine how established physical characteristics of natural scene imagery modulate the N1 and P1 components in humans by providing a systematic investigation of component modulation as visual stimuli are gradually built up from simple sinusoidal gratings to highly complex natural scene imagery. The results suggest that the relative dominance in signal output of the N1 and P1 components is dependent on spatial frequency (SF) luminance contrast for simple stimuli up to natural scene imagery possessing few edges. However, such a dependency shifts to a dominant N1 signal for natural scenes possessing abundant edge content and operates independently of SF luminance contrast.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. 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Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Focus: adult Immunization, a Technology Whose Time Has Come: The Activities of the American College of Physicians
- Linda Johnson White, Theodore C. Eickhoff
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- Journal:
- International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care / Volume 1 / Issue 4 / October 1985
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 March 2009, pp. 954-962
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26 - Urinary Incontinence
- Edited by Christine Arenson, Jan Busby-Whitehead, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Kenneth Brummel-Smith, Florida State University, James G. O'Brien, University of Louisville, Kentucky, Mary H. Palmer, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, William Reichel, Georgetown University, Washington DC
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- Reichel's Care of the Elderly
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- 19 May 2010
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- 09 February 2009, pp 280-288
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Summary
Urinary incontinence (UI), the involuntary loss of urine, has a prevalence of 25%–45% in women. Only approximately 34% of incontinent women have UI to such a degree that they viewed it as a significant bother. Frequent or severe UI can have a devastating impact on people's lives, leading to social withdrawal and depression and contributing to the decision to go into a nursing home. Leaking small amounts can often be managed by wearing pads and has only a modest impact on quality of life. UI is approximately half as common in men compared with women.
UI prevalence increases with age as shown in Figure 26.1. At the age of 60 years approximately 14.8% of women have moderate-to-severe incontinence, but this increases to 20.2% by 70 years and to 27.5% by 85 years. The loss of continence will not always occur with aging. Many specific age-related changes, such as functional impairments in mobility, dexterity, cognition, and reduction in bladder capacity, contribute to UI. Other established risk factors that are not age-related include obesity and parity. The strongest single risk factor in men other than age is prostatectomy or transurethral resection.
An estimated 60% of people with UI who are identified through surveys have not reported their UI to a health care provider, perhaps because they are embarrassed or believe nothing can be done to help. This is unfortunate, because UI is curable in many and can be managed in most cases. Health care providers, therefore, should specifically ask about incontinence.
Evidence of Magellanic-like moderate redshift H i-rich galaxies
- Brandon Lawton, Christopher W. Churchill, Brian A. York, Sara L. Ellison, Theodore P. Snow, Rachel A. Johnson, Sean G. Ryan, Chris R. Benn
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 4 / Issue S256 / July 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 July 2008, pp. 479-485
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- July 2008
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We present equivalent width measurements and limits of six diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs, λ 4428, λ 5705, λ 5780, λ 5797, λ 6284, and λ 6613) in seven damped Lyα absorbers (DLAs) over the redshift range 0.091 ≤ z ≤ 0.524, sampling 20.3 ≤ log N(Hi) ≤ 21.7. Based upon the Galactic DIB–N(H i) relation, the λ 6284 DIB equivalent width upper limits in four of the seven DLAs are a factor of 4–10 times below the λ 6284 DIB equivalent widths observed in the Galaxy, but are not inconsistent with those present in the Magellanic Clouds. Assuming the Galactic DIB–E(B − V) relation, we determine reddening upper limits for the DLAs in our sample. Based upon the E(B − V) limits, the gas-to-dust ratios, N(H i)/E(B − V), of the four aforementioned DLAs are at least ~5 times higher than that of the Galactic ISM and are more consistent with the Large Magellanic Cloud. The ratios of two other DLAs are at least a factor of a few times higher. The best constraints on reddening derive from the upper limits for the λ 5780 and λ 6284 DIBs, which yield E(B − V) ≤ 0.08 mag for four of the seven DLAs and are more consistent with the Magellanic Clouds rather than the Galaxy. Our results suggest that, in DLAs, quantities related to dust, such as reddening and metallicity, appear to have a greater impact on DIB strengths than does H i gas abundance. The molecules responsible for the DIBs in DLA selected sightlines are underabundant relative to sightlines in the Galaxy of similarly high N(H i). Using DIBs to study the ISM of DLAs provide evidence that at least some population of DLAs are more Magellanic-like than Galactic-like.